Process new information by its meaning, not its form

Ask what something means, how it connects to what you know, and why it matters — not just what it looks like or sounds like.

Why it works

Craik and Lockhart proposed that encoding depth is determined by the level of analysis: structural (visual/orthographic), phonological (sound), or semantic (meaning). Semantic processing activates a far wider network of associations in long-term memory, creating more retrieval pathways for the new trace. The more existing knowledge a new item connects to, the more routes exist to reach it during retrieval — making it both more durable and more flexibly applicable.

How to do it

1. When encountering new material, resist writing it down immediately. Instead, ask: "What does this mean? How does it work? Why is it true?"
2. Connect the new information to at least two things you already know before moving on.
3. If you cannot connect it to anything, it likely needs a simpler prerequisite first.
4. Use your own words when recording the material — paraphrase, do not transcribe.

Evidence

Craik and Lockhart (1972) and Craik and Tulving (1975) provided experimental evidence that semantic processing produced substantially better retention than structural or phonological processing, using incidental learning paradigms where participants did not know they would be tested. (rct)

The original "levels" metaphor has been revised; researchers now prefer "depth of elaboration" to avoid implying a strict linear hierarchy. The core finding — that semantic/elaborative processing beats surface processing — remains robust.

Sources

• Craik & Lockhart (1972), Levels of processing: A framework for memory research, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
• Craik & Tulving (1975), Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
• Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671–684.
• Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 268–294.

Common mistake

Highlighting or annotating material based on visual salience (bold text, color) rather than semantic significance, which processes form rather than meaning and produces shallow traces.