Filter goals through the controllability test

Only set goals for actions you can directly control — not for outcomes that depend on others or luck.

Why it works

Goals focused on uncontrollable outcomes produce anxiety through uncertainty: no matter how well you perform, the outcome can still fail. This uncertainty activates threat appraisals that consume attentional resources. Goals focused on directly controllable behaviors eliminate this uncertainty — you either do the behavior or you do not — which removes the appraisal burden and keeps attention on execution. The controllability filter is the core mechanism that makes process goals superior to outcome goals under pressure.

How to do it

1. For each goal you set, ask: "Is this entirely within my control to execute, or does it depend on other people’s actions, decisions, or luck?"
2. If the answer is "depends on others," reframe: "What specific action of mine maximizes the probability of this outcome?" — that action is the process goal.
3. Set a hard rule: outcome goals inform direction and context; only controllable process goals go into the execution plan.
4. Revisit controllability after setbacks: identify which part of the outcome was in your control and which was not, and adjust accordingly.

Evidence

Self-determination theory and control theory both predict that perceived controllability of goals determines motivational and emotional responses to performance. Controllable goals maintain intrinsic motivation; uncontrollable ones generate anxiety and learned helplessness. (observational)

Pure process goal focus can reduce competitive awareness in ways that matter for tactical sports; outcome awareness must be maintained at some level. The controllability filter guides what to attend to during execution, not what to think about in strategy.

Sources

• Deci & Ryan (1985), intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior — self-determination theory

Common mistake

Treating "controllability" as a binary when it is a spectrum — some goals are partially controllable. The exercise is to identify the controllable component, not to abandon everything outcome-relevant.