Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises is a journal article by Raymond S. Nickerson (1998), published in Review of General Psychology. IX Coach's practice library cites it in 8 practices across 8 concepts; each one is listed below, so you can see exactly where this journal article is put to use.
Where to find it
Practices on IX Coach that cite Confirmation Bias
- Actively seek evidence that would disconfirm your belief
Ask: "What would change my mind?" and then look for exactly that.
Bayesian Thinking: How to Update Beliefs Rationally
- Notice and question the story you’ve already told yourself
Between the missed commitment and the conversation, you have built a narrative — and that narrative will leak into the conversation.
Crucial Accountability: Holding People to Commitments That Matter
- Check the ego
Ego clouds judgment, blocks feedback, and turns disagreements into contests.
Extreme Ownership, Made Practical
- Weigh disconfirming evidence more heavily than confirming evidence
One strong counterexample outweighs many confirming examples for a universal claim.
Falsification Thinking
- Actively seek information that disconfirms your view
Deliberately look for the best evidence against your current position before committing to it.
Naive Realism: Why Everyone Thinks They See Things as They Are
- Examine the evidence for and against
Systematically list what supports your interpretation and what doesn’t — like a fair-minded lawyer, not a prosecutor.
Check the Facts, Made Practical
- Notice which data you selected — and which you ignored
Your conclusions are built on a sample of the available data — ask what the sample excluded.
The Ladder of Inference
- Look for what your map omits
Every model leaves something out — deliberately search for your blind spots.
The Map Is Not the Territory
How this page was checked
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