Train the state regularly and look for the trait

Practice consistently, and judge it by what changes between sessions rather than by how good the sessions feel.

Por que funciona

Contemplative science distinguishes state effects, which appear during practice, from trait effects, which persist outside it. In one study of long-term Buddhist practitioners, a pattern of fast EEG activity was already higher than controls’ in the resting baseline before meditation, rose sharply during meditation, and stayed above the starting baseline afterwards — the signature of a state leaving a trace. Repeated practice is the proposed route by which states become traits, and the research suggests the traces are real but uneven across measures.

Como fazer

1. Choose one form of practice and a time you can keep — ten to twenty minutes most days is a realistic start.
2. Before you begin, pick one everyday marker to watch, such as how quickly you recover after being criticized.
3. Rate that marker once a week, outside practice, rather than rating how the sessions themselves felt.
4. Keep going for at least two months before drawing conclusions; short or patchy practice is the weakest test.

Evidência

Cahn and Polich (2006) reviewed EEG, ERP and neuroimaging studies and concluded that meditative state and trait effects are variable but beginning to show consistent outcomes. Lutz et al. (2004) found that long-term practitioners’ ratio of gamma to slow EEG activity was higher than controls’ in the resting baseline, rose during meditation and stayed raised afterwards. In Kral et al. (2018), an 8-week mindfulness course compared with an active control in a randomized trial reduced amygdala reactivity to positive pictures but not negative ones; in long-term meditators, more retreat practice went with lower reactivity to negative pictures. A meta-analysis by Fox et al. (2014) of 21 imaging studies found a medium overall difference in brain structure in meditators, while warning that publication bias and methods are strong concerns. (observational)

Most comparisons of long-term meditators with non-meditators are cross-sectional, so people who stick with practice may have differed to begin with. The randomized evidence for trait change is narrower and mixed.

Fontes

• Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180–211.
• Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(46), 16369–16373.
• Kral, T. R. A., Schuyler, B. S., Mumford, J. A., Rosenkranz, M. A., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2018). Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. NeuroImage, 181, 301–313.
• Fox, K. C. R., Nijeboer, S., Dixon, M. L., Floman, J. L., Ellamil, M., Rumak, S. P., Sedlmeier, P., & Christoff, K. (2014). Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 48–73.

Erro comum

Judging practice by the quality of the sessions. A blissful sit and a restless one may build the trait equally; the session feeling is the state, not the result.